Section 9.3. Materials, Systems and Equipment (Division B

1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), nominally unreinforced concrete shall be designed, mixed, placed, cured and tested in accordance with the requirements for "R" class concrete stated in Clause 8.13 of CSA-A23.1 "Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction."

1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), nominally unreinforced concrete shall be designed, mixed, placed, cured and tested in accordance with CAN/CSA-A438, “Concrete Construction for Housing and Small Buildings.”

2) Nominally unreinforced site-batched concrete shall be designed, mixed, placed and cured in accordance with Articles 9.3.1.2. to 9.3.1.9.

3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), reinforced concrete shall be designed to conform to the requirements of Part 4.

4) For flat insulating concrete form walls not exceeding 2 storeys and having a maximum floor to floor height of 3 m, in buildings of light-frame construction containing only a single dwelling unit, the concrete and reinforcing shall comply with Part 4 or

a)the concrete shall conform to CSA-A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction,” with a maximum aggregate size of 19 mm, and

i)conform to CAN/CSA-G30.18-M, “Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,”

9.3.1.2. Cement

1) Cement shall meet the requirements of CSA-A3001, “Cementitious Materials for Use in Concrete.”

9.3.1.3. Concrete in Contact with Sulphate Soil

1) Concrete in contact with sulphate soil, which is deleterious to normal cement, shall conform to the requirements in Clause 4.1.1.6 of CSA-A 23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction.”

1) Concrete in contact with sulphate soil, which is deleterious to normal cement, shall conform to the requirements in Clause 15.5 of CAN/CSA-A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction.”

9.3.1.4. Aggregates

a)consist of sand, gravel, crushed rock, crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag, expanded shale or expanded clay conforming to CSA-A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction,” and

a)consist of sand, gravel, crushed rock, crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag, expanded shale or expanded clay conforming to CAN/CSA-A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction,” and

b)be clean, well-graded and free of injurious amounts of organic and other deleterious material.

9.3.1.5. Water

1) Water shall be clean and free of injurious amounts of oil, organic matter, sediment or any other deleterious material.

9.3.1.6. Compressive Strength

1) Except as provided elsewhere in this Part, the compressive strength of unreinforced concrete after 28 days shall be not less than

a)15 MPa for walls, columns, fireplaces and chimneys, footings, foundation walls, grade beams and piers,

ii) 30 MPa where indigenous aggregates do not achieve 32 MPa with a 0.45 water to cementing material ratio.

2) Concrete used for garage and carport floors and exterior steps shall have air entrainment of 5% to 8%.

9.3.1.7. Concrete Mixes

1) For site-batched concrete, the concrete mixes described in Table 9.3.1.7. shall be considered acceptable if the ratio of water to cementing materials does not exceed

a) 0.70 for walls, columns, fireplaces and chimneys, footings, foundation walls, grade beams and piers,

Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate, mm	Materials, volume
Table 9.3.1.7. Concrete Mixes Forming Part of Sentence 9.3.1.7.(1)
	Cement		Fine Aggregate (damp average coarse sand)		Coarse Aggregate (gravel or crushed stone)
	Parts	L⁽¹⁾	Parts	L	Parts	L
14	1	28	1.75	49	2	56
20	1	28	1.75	49	2.5	70
28	1	28	2	56	3	84
40	1	28	2	56	3.5	98

Notes to Table 9.3.1.7.

⁽¹⁾	A 40-kg (90± lbs.) bag of cement contains 28 L.

2) The size of aggregate in unreinforced concrete mixes referred to in Sentence (1) shall not exceed

9.3.1.8. Admixtures

1) Admixtures shall conform to ASTM C 260, “Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete,” or ASTM C 494/C 494M, “Chemical Admixtures for Concrete,” as applicable.

9.3.1.9. Cold Weather Requirements

a)kept at a temperature of not less than 10°C or more than 25°C while being mixed and placed, and

2) No frozen material or ice shall be used in concrete described in Sentence (1).

9.3.2. Lumber and Wood Products

9.3.2.1. Grade Marking

1) Lumber for joists, rafters, trusses and beams and for the uses listed in Table 9.3.2.1. shall be identified by a grade stamp to indicate its grade as determined by the NLGA “Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber (Interpretation Included).” (See Appendix A.)

Use	Boards⁽¹⁾			Framing
Table 9.3.2.1. Minimum Lumber Grades for Specific End Uses Forming Part of Sentence 9.3.2.1.(1)
	Paragraph in the NLGA grading rules under which boards are graded			Framing
	All Species		Eastern White Pine & Red Pine	All Species
	Para 113	Para 114	Para 118	All Species
Stud wall framing (loadbearing members)	—	—	—	Stud, Standard, No. 2
Stud wall framing (non-loadbearing members)	—	—	—	Stud, Utility, No. 3
Plank frame construction (loadbearing members)	No. 3 Common	—	No. 3 Common	No. 2
Plank frame construction (non-loadbearing members)	No. 5 Common	—	No. 5 Common	Economy, No. 3
Posts and beams less than 114 mm in thickness	—	—	—	Standard, No. 2
Posts and beams not less than 114 mm in thickness	—	—	—	Standard
Roof sheathing	No. 3 Common	Standard	No. 4 Common	—
Subflooring	No. 3 Common	Standard	No. 3 Common	—
Wall sheathing when required as a nailing base	No. 4 Common	Utility	No. 4 Common	—
Wall sheathing not required as a nailing base	No. 5 Common	Economy	No. 5 Common	—

Notes to Table 9.3.2.1.

⁽¹⁾	See Appendix A.

9.3.2.2. Lumber Grades

1) Except for joists, rafters, trusses and beams, visually graded lumber shall conform to the grades in Table 9.3.2.1. (See Article 9.23.4.2. for joists, rafters and beams and Article 9.23.13.11. for trusses.)

9.3.2.3. Machine Stress Rated Lumber

1) Machine stress rated lumber shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 4.3.1.

9.3.2.4. OSB, Waferboard and Plywood Marking

1) OSB, waferboard and plywood used for roof sheathing, wall sheathing and subflooring shall be legibly identified on the face of the material indicating

9.3.2.5. Moisture Content

1) Moisture content of lumber shall be not more than 19% at the time of installation.

9.3.2.6. Lumber Dimensions

1) Lumber dimensions referred to in this Part are actual dimensions determined in conformance with CAN/CSA-O141, “Softwood Lumber.”

9.3.2.7. Panel Thickness Tolerances

1) The thicknesses specified in this Part for plywood, hardboard, particleboard, OSB and waferboard shall be subject to the tolerances permitted in the standards referenced for these products unless specifically indicated herein.

9.3.2.8. Undersized Lumber

1) Joist, rafter, lintel and beam members up to 5% less than the actual Canadian standard sizes are permitted to be used provided the allowable spans for the grade and species of lumber under consideration are reduced 5% from those shown in the span tables for full size members. (See Appendix A.)

9.3.2.9. Termite and Decay Protection

a)clearance between structural wood elements and the finished ground level directly below them shall be not less than 450 mm and, except as provided in Sentence (2), all sides of the supporting elements shall be visible to permit inspection, or

b)structural wood elements, supported by elements in contact with the ground or exposed over bare soil, shall be pressure-treated with a chemical that is toxic to termites.

2) In localities where termites are known to occur and foundations are insulated or otherwise finished in a manner that could conceal a termite infestation,

a)a metal or plastic barrier shall be installed through the insulation and any other separation or finish materials above finished ground level to control the passage of termites behind or through the insulation, separation or finish materials, and

b)all sides of the finished supporting assembly shall be visible to permit inspection.

3) Structural wood elements shall be pressure-treated with a preservative to resist decay,

a)where the vertical clearance between structural wood elements and the finished ground level is less than 150 mm (see also Articles 9.23.2.2. and 9.23.2.3.), or

4) Structural wood elements used in retaining walls and cribbing shall be pressure-treated with a preservative to resist decay, where

a)the retaining wall or cribbing supports ground that is critical to the stability of building foundations, or

5) Where wood is required by this Article to be treated to resist termites or decay, such treatment shall be in accordance with the requirements of

a)CSA O80.1, “Preservative Treatment of All Timber Products by Pressure Processes,”

b)CSA O80.2, “Preservative Treatment of Lumber, Timber, Bridge Ties, and Mine Ties by Pressure Processes,”

d)CSA O80.15, “Preservative Treatment of Wood for Building Foundation Systems, Basements and Crawl Spaces by Pressure Processes,” or

e) CSA O80.34, “Pressure Preservative Treatment of Lumber and Timbers with Borates for Use Out of Ground Contact and Continuously Protected from Liquid Water.”

6) Where wood is protected in accordance with CSA O80.34, “Pressure Preservative Treatment of Lumber and Timbers with Borates for Use Out of Ground Contact and Continuously Protected from Liquid Water,” the wood shall be

a)protected from direct exposure to moisture during and after the completion of construction, and

b)separated from permeable supporting materials by a moisture barrier that is resistant to all expected mechanisms of deterioration in the service environment if the vertical clearance to the ground is less than 150 mm.

7) Wood that is required by this Article to be treated to resist termites or decay shall be identified by a mark to indicate its conformance to the relevant required standard.

9.3.3. Metal

9.3.3.1. Sheet Metal Thickness

1) Minimum thicknesses for sheet metal material that are stated in this Part refer to the actual minimum base metal thicknesses measured at any point of the material and, in the case of galvanized steel described in Sentence 9.3.3.2.(1), include the thickness of the galvanizing coating unless otherwise indicated.

9.3.3.2. Galvanized Sheet Steel

1) Where sheet steel is required to be galvanized, it shall be metallic-coated with zinc or an alloy of 55% aluminum-zinc meeting the requirements of

a)ASTM A 653/A 653M, “Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvanealed) by the Hot-Dip Process,” or

b)ASTM A 792/A 792M, “Steel Sheet, 55% Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process.”

2) Where galvanized sheet steel is intended for use in locations exposed to the weather or as a flashing material, it shall have a zinc coating not less than the G90 [Z275] coating designation or an aluminum-zinc alloy coating not less than the AZM150 coating designation, as referred to in Sentence (1).

Division B
Acceptable Solutions

Part 9 — Housing and Small Buildings