Appendix A — Division B
Explanatory Material
A-1.1.2.1.(1) Objectives and Functional Statements Attributed to Acceptable Solutions
The objectives and
functional statements attributed to each Code provision are shown
in tables at the end of each Part in Division B.
Many provisions in Division B serve as modifiers of or pointers
to other provisions or serve other clarification or explanatory purposes.
In most cases, no objectives and functional statements have been attributed
to such provisions, which therefore do not appear in the above-mentioned
tables.
For provisions that serve as modifiers of or pointers to other
referenced provisions and that do not have any objectives and functional
statements attributed to them, the objectives and functional statements
that should be used are those attributed to the provisions they reference.
Where documents are referenced in the Appendices of this Code, they shall be the
editions designated in
Table A-1.3.1.2.(1).
| Table A-1.3.1.2.(1) Documents Referenced in the Appendices of the British Columbia Fire Code 2012 Forming part of Appendix Note A-1.3.1.2.(1) | |||
| Issuing Agency | Document Number(1) | Title of Document(2) | Code Reference |
| ACGIH |  26 th Edition
|
Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Design | A-3.2.7.3.(1)(b) |
| API | 1104-2005 | Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities | A-4.5.10.7.(6) |
| API | RP 1604-1996 | Closure of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks |
A-4.3.16.1.(1) |
| API | 2000-1998 | Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks: Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated | A-4.3.13.10.(1) |
| API | RP 2003-1998 | Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents | A-4.7.4.5. |
| API | RP 2009-2002 | Safe Welding, Cutting and Hot Work Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries | A-5.2.3.4.(1)(b) |
| API | 2015-2001 | Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks | A-5.2.3.4.(1)(b) |
| API | 2200-1994 | Repairs to Crude Oil, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Products Pipelines | A-4.5.10.7.(6) |
| API | RP 2201-2003 | Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries | A-4.5.10.7.(6) A-5.2.3.4.(1)(b) |
| API | RP 2207-2007 | Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work | A-5.2.3.4.(1)(b) |
| ASTM | D
5-06e1 | Penetration of Bituminous Materials | A-4.1.3.1. |
| ASTM | D 3278-96e1 | Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus | A-4.1.3.1. |
| ASTM | D 4359-90 | Determining Whether a Material Is a Liquid or a Solid | A-4.1.3.1. |
| CCME | PN 1326 | Environmental Code of Practice for Aboveground and Underground Storage Tank Systems Containing Petroleum Products and Allied Petroleum Products | A-4.3.16.1.(1) A-4.4.2.1.(3) |
| CGA | P-1
(2008) |
Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers | A-3.1.1.4.(1)(a) |
| CSA | B139-04 | Installation Code for Oil-Burning Equipment | A-4.1.1.1.(3)(b) A-4.3.13.4.(1)(b) |
| CSA | C22.1-09 | Canadian Electrical Code, Part I | A-4.10.3.3.(1) A-5.1.2.1.(1) |
| CSA | CAN/CSA-C282-05 | Emergency Electrical Power Supply for Buildings | A-6.5.1.1.(2) |
| CSA | Z32-04 | Electrical Safety and Essential Electrical Systems in Health Care Facilities | A-6.5.1.1.(2) |
| CSA | PLUS 2203-01 | Hazardous Locations: A Guide for the Design, Testing, Construction, and Installation of Equipment in Explosive Atmospheres | A-4.1.4.1.(1) |
| EPA | 510-B-93-004 | Doing Inventory Control Right for Underground Storage Tanks | A-4.4.2.1.(2) |
| EPA | 510-B-95-009 | Introduction to Statistical Inventory Reconciliation For Underground Storage Tanks | A-4.4.2.1.(4) |
| EPA | 530/UST-90/007 | Evaluating Leak Detection Methods: Statistical Inventory Reconciliation Methods (SIR) | A-4.4.2.1.(4) |
| EPA | 530/UST-90/008 | Evaluating Leak Detection Methods: Vapor-Phase Out-of-Tank Product Detectors | A-4.4.2.1.(3) |
| EPA | 530/UST-90/009 | Evaluating Leak Detection Methods: Liquid-Phase Out-of-Tank Product Detectors | A-4.4.2.1.(3) |
| FM Global | Data Sheet 7-50 (2002) | Compressed Gases in Cylinders | A-3.2.8.2.(2) |
| FM Global | Data Sheet 7-83 (2000) | Drainage System for Flammable Liquids | A-4.1.6.1.(1) |
| HC | Hazardous Products Act, Part II | Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) | A-3.2.7.6.(2) A-3.2.7.13.(1) |
| HC | SOR/88-66,1987 |
Controlled Products Regulations | A-3.2.5.2.(1) |
| HC | SOR/2001-269 | Consumer Chemicals and Containers Regulations, 2001 | A-3.2.5.2.(1) |
| NFPA | 12A-2009 | Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems | A-2.1.3.5.(3)(c) and (d) |
| NFPA | 12B-1990 | Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems | A-2.1.3.5.(3)(c) and (d) |
| NFPA | 13-2007 | Installation of Sprinkler Systems | A-2.1.3.6.(1) A-3.2.1.1.(1)(a) A-3.2.2.4.(3) A-3.2.3.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 15-2007 | Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection | A-4.1.6.1.(1) |
| NFPA | 30-2008 | Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code | A-4.1.1.1.(2) A-4.1.4.1.(1) A-4.1.6.1.(1) A-4.2.7.6.(1) A-4.3.16.1.(1) |
| NFPA | 30B-2007 | Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products | A-3.2.5.2.(1) |
| NFPA | 36-2009 | Solvent Extraction Plants | A-4.1.1.1.(2) |
| NFPA | 55-2005 | Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and
Tanks | A-3.1.1.4. |
| NFPA | 61-2008 | Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food
Processing Facilities |
A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 80A-2007 | Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures | A-2.4.1.1.(6) |
| NFPA | 91-2004 | Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids | A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 120-2004 | Fire Prevention and Control in Coal Mines | A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 326-2005 | Safeguarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair | A-5.6.1.11.(4) |
| NFPA | 484-2009 | Combustible Metals | A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 497-2008 | Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas | A-4.1.4.1.(1) |
| NFPA | 654-2006 | Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids | A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 655-2007 | Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions | A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 664-2007 | Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities | A-5.3.1.3.(2) |
| NFPA | 705-2009 | Field Flame Test for Textiles and Films | A-2.3.2.2.(1) |
| NFPA | FPH 2008-2008 | Fire Protection Handbook, Twentieth Edition | A-2.4.1.3.(1) |
| NRCan | R.S., 1985, c. E-17 | Explosives Act and its Regulations | A-3.2.9.1.(1) |
| OCIMF | 2009 | Guide to Manufacturing and Purchasing Hoses for Offshore Moorings, 5th Edition | A-4.8.8.1.(1)(a) |
| RMA | IP-2-2003 | Hose Handbook, Seventh Edition | A-4.8.8.1.(1)(a) |
| SFPE | 4th Edition
|
Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering | A-4.1.6.1.(1) |
| TC | SOR/2007-86 | Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and for Dangerous Chemicals | A-4.8.8.1.(1)(a) |
| TC | SOR/2008-34 | Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDGR) | A-3.2.7.6.(2) A-4.1.2.1. A-4.2.2.3.(2) |
| ULC | ULC/ORD-C58.4-2005 | Double Containment Fibre Reinforced Plastic Linings for Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage Tanks | A-4.3.1.10.(3) |
| ULC | ULC/ORD-C58.12-1992 | Leak Detection Devices (Volumetric Type) for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks | A-4.4.2.1.(5) A-4.4.2.1.(7) A-4.4.2.1.(10)(a) |
| ULC | ULC/ORD-C58.14-1992 | Non-Volumetric Leak Detection Devices for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks | A-4.4.2.1.(7) A-4.4.2.1.(10)(a) |
| ULC | ULC/ORD-C410A-1994 | Absorbents for Flammable and Combustible Liquids | A-4.1.6.3.(3)(b) |
British Columbia Building Code (1992) introduced changes to the method of
determining building height. Application of the current method to existing buildings
for the purposes of this Code could result in certain buildings being reclassified
as higher buildings. For this reason, the British Columbia Fire Code suggests that
building height is that
which was established by the building code that was applicable at the time of
construction in the case of original construction, or at the time of alteration if
additional storeys have been added to the building.
Arena-type buildings are often
used for events such as community dances, rallies and trade shows.
These events may increase the occupant and fuel loads beyond that
for which the space was designed. To ensure safety during such events,
additional egress facilities may be required to compensate for the
additional occupant load and, in some cases, additional fire suppression
measures may be required to compensate for the increased fuel load.
Large public corridors in mercantile occupancies are also used
on a temporary basis for community activities, merchandising and for
special displays. In these cases, additional egress facilities and
fire suppression may be needed, depending on the increase in hazard.
The British Columbia Building Code is most often applied to existing buildings
when an owner wishes to rehabilitate a building, change its use, or build an
addition; or when an enforcement authority decrees that a building, or a class of
buildings, be altered for reasons of public safety. It is not intended that either
the British Columbia Building Code or the British Columbia Fire Code be used to
enforce the retrospective application of new requirements in the British Columbia
Building Code to existing buildings. Although the British Columbia Fire Code could
be interpreted to require the installation of fire alarm, standpipe and hose and
automatic sprinkler systems in an existing building for which there were no
requirements before the British Columbia Building Code was issued, it is the intent
of the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes that the British Columbia Fire
Code not be applied in this manner to these buildings.
It is usually difficult to change structural features of an existing building when
undertaking alterations or additions, but the installation of “active” fire
protection systems, such as alarms, sprinklers and standpipes, in existing buildings
may be possible. These systems may be considered as contributing to an adequate
degree of life safety in cases where the structural features of a building do not
conform to the British Columbia Building Code.
Sentence 2.1.3.1.(1) is intended to address the installation of fire alarm, sprinkler and standpipe systems in existing buildings
presently not so equipped, and in existing buildings that do not provide an
acceptable level of safety to meet the current installation standards specified in
the British Columbia Building Code. It is not intended that existing fire protection
systems that provide an acceptable level of life safety be upgraded with each new
edition of the British Columbia Building Code or in conjunction with the inclusion
of new requirements not in force at the time that a building was constructed. The
authority having jurisdiction is expected to use discretion in enforcing this
requirement. The authority having jurisdiction may accept alternatives to strict
compliance with the British Columbia Building Code as provided for in Clause 1.2.1.1.(1)(b) of Division A.
Editions of the British Columbia Building Code prior to 2005 permitted the use of
combustible sprinkler
piping for wet pipe sprinkler systems in residential and light-hazard occupancies
on
condition that the piping was protected from exposure to a fire in the space
beneath. Article 2.1.3.4. requires that the necessary protection of the piping be maintained so that the performance of the sprinkler
system will not be compromised in the event of fire. Some of the conditions included
restricting use of the piping to light-hazard occupancies, the piping must be a wet
system, use of steel suspension grids and correct tile weight, and integrity of the
fire protection covering.
Concern over the impact of halons on the environment is resulting in changes to
the regulations of various agencies that affect their use and release to the
atmosphere and their reduction, recycling and eventual phase-out as fire
extinguishment agents. Standards referenced in the BCFC may not reflect the current
status of requirements developed by certain agencies regarding the installation, use
and testing of fire suppression systems that employ halons.
The installation of new halon fire suppression systems is prohibited following the international ban on halon gas production. However, both NFPA 12A, “Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems,” and NFPA 12B, “Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems,” are still relevant to the maintenance, decommissioning and recycling of existing halon fire suppression
systems.
This provision is intended to direct the Code user primarily to Subsection 3.2.5. of Division B of the British Columbia
Building Code, which specifies the appropriate standard for the design and
installation of automatic sprinkler systems, i.e. NFPA 13, and provides several exceptions and supplementary requirements. On occasion, other provisions in the British Columbia
Building Code may also apply. However, where a specific hazard is not addressed by
the British Columbia Building Code, such as highly piled storage or the storage of
flammable and combustible liquids or rubber tires, the British Columbia Fire Code
directly references the applicable NFPA standards that contain design criteria for
the sprinkler system required.
This Code requires the installation
of several fire safety devices for the control of fire hazards. The
inspection, maintenance and testing requirements for many of these
devices are referenced in the applicable Articles. However, several
Sections of the Code do not include such references for certain fire
safety devices, examples of which include, but are not limited to:
- ventilation system interlocks and associated audible alarms for rooms or enclosed spaces containing flammable and combustible liquids (e.g. Subsection 4.1.7.)
- vapour detection alarm systems for rooms or enclosed spaces containing flammable and combustible liquids (e.g. Subsection 4.1.7.)
- bonding and grounding systems for flammable and combustible liquid handling processes (e.g. Subsection 4.1.8.)
- fill pipe backflow prevention systems for aboveground storage tanks for flammable and combustible liquids (e.g. Subsection 4.3.1.)
- leak detection monitoring devices for aboveground storage tanks for flammable and combustible liquids (e.g. Section 4.4.).
When commissioning a building, the owner must ensure that the life safety systems
and their components (i.e. fire alarm systems, sprinklers, standpipes, smoke
control, ventilation, pressurization, door hold-open devices, elevator recalls,
smoke and fire shutters and dampers, emergency power, emergency lighting, etc.) are
functioning according to the intent of their design. The commissioning provides the
documented confirmation that building systems satisfy the intent of the Code.
Ultimately, someone will have to ensure that the interconnected operation of all
life safety systems within the building has been confirmed: this responsibility may
fall on the designer, owner, contractor or a commissioning body. The BCFC does not
specify who must fulfill this role as this is an administrative issue.
Following are examples of measures
deemed to minimize the risk of injury for portable extinguisher operators:
affixing prominent cautionary labels on portable extinguishers and
warning signs at entry points to confined spaces, enabling remote
applications such as by providing special nozzles, installing special
ventilation systems, providing breathing apparatus and other personal
protective equipment, and adequately training personnel.
Signs should have letters and background in contrasting colours. The individual letters
should be a minimum height of 6 mm.
The small scale match flame test
in NFPA 705 is a relatively simple test that can be used to assess the condition
of flame retardant treatments on samples from fabrics that have been
in use for a while. It is not intended that NFPA 705 be used as the primary standard for the application of fire retardant treatments.
The accumulation of a certain
amount of combustible waste material in and around buildings may be
necessary for the day-to-day operation of many industrial or commercial
premises. If basic measures of good housekeeping are observed, the
presence of these combustibles may not constitute an “undue fire hazard.”
The defined term “service rooms”
includes boiler rooms, furnace rooms, incinerator rooms, garbage rooms,
janitors' closets and rooms to accommodate air-conditioning or heating
appliances, pumps, compressors and electrical services. The intent
of Sentence 2.4.1.1.(2) is to discourage the use of these rooms for the storage of miscellaneous combustible materials. If storage
space is needed in a building, a room that does not contain building
service equipment should be provided. Even in garbage rooms, combustible
materials should not be allowed to accumulate. When the garbage is
periodically cleared from the room, the room should be empty, except
for the garbage container itself.
Measures such as those described
in NFPA 80A, “Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures,” must be taken to ensure that buildings are protected from fires in outdoor receptacles containing
combustible materials.
Generally, self-heating and self-ignition
are most commonly encountered in organic materials, such as animal
and vegetable solids and oils. A rag saturated with linseed oil, for
example, is susceptible to self-heating and self-ignition when crumpled
and put in a waste container.
Certain inorganic materials, such as metal powders, may also
self-heat and self-ignite under isolated conditions. Materials such
as motor or lubricating oils are not subject to self-heating and self-ignition.
Table A.10 of NFPA FPH 2008, “Fire Protection Handbook,” provides a list of materials that are susceptible to spontaneous heating and
ignition.
Measures that can be considered
to limit fire spread include sufficient clear space between the fire
and adjacent buildings, combustibles and woodlands, the size and height
of the pile of combustibles to be burned, prevailing meteorological
conditions, fire control measures such as hoses and water tanks and,
if a receptacle is to be used, the design of the receptacle. In some
cases, a permit or licence may be required for open air fires.
Vacant buildings frequently become
the target of vandalism and arson. They should be locked, and accessible
windows and doors should be barricaded to prevent unauthorized entry.
However, fire department access to the interior of the building in
the event of a fire should not be made unduly difficult.
External inspection of enclosed
chimneys and surrounding construction may require the installation
of one or more access openings in the enclosure surrounding the chimney.
The presence of scorched or charred adjacent combustible construction
will indicate the need for further investigation of the cause of the
overheating.
Internal inspection of chimneys can be accomplished by lowering
a light from the top, insertion of a light at the bottom or at intermediate
locations, together with the use of one or more mirrors.
During inspection of a chimney connected to an operating appliance,
the presence of dense smoke at the outlet will indicate improper operation
of the appliance, incorrect sizing of the chimney or that unsuitable
fuels are being used. These factors must be promptly corrected to
reduce the accumulation of combustible deposits on the chimney and
flue pipe walls.
The presence in a chimney of deposits of soot or creosote in excess of 3
mm thick will indicate the need for immediate cleaning, possible
modification of burning procedures, and more frequent inspections.
Structural deficiencies are
deviations from required construction, such as the absence of a liner
or inadequate design of supports or ties. Instances of decay are cracking,
settling, crumbling mortar, distortion, advanced corrosion, separation
of sections, or loose or broken supports.
Depending on the amount of cooking
equipment usage, the entire exhaust system, including grease extractors,
should be inspected at intervals not greater than 7 days to determine if grease or other residues have been deposited within.
When grease or other residues are in evidence as deposits within the
hood, grease removal devices, or ducts, the system should be cleaned.
In general, exhaust systems should be cleaned at intervals not greater
than 12 months, but in the case of deep fat cooking,
char broiling or similar cooking operations, the systems should be
cleaned at intervals not greater than 3 months.
The British Columbia Fire Code uses two criteria to determine the maximum
permissible occupant load in existing buildings: the exit capacity, and the total
clear floor space per person. Assuming that exit capacity is sufficient, the value
of 0.4 m2/person ensures that a crowd of people will be
able to move steadily toward the exits.
Table 3.1.16.1. of Division B in the British
Columbia Building Code should not be used to determine the maximum permissible
occupant load for rooms or spaces in existing buildings. Table 3.1.16.1. is intended to allow a building designer to calculate
a minimum occupant load for the purpose of designing certain building features, such
as means of egress and fire alarm systems. The designer may choose to design for
more or fewer persons, in which case the actual design occupant load must be posted
in a conspicuous location. In an existing building, the process must be calculated
in reverse, from the measured exit capacity, or other building features, to a
maximum permissible occupant load. The result of the calculation may not be, and is
not intended to be, consistent with values obtained using Table 3.1.16.1.
Net floor space referred to in Clause (a) is the floor space in a room excluding areas occupied by structural features and
fixtures, such as tables, furnishings or equipment. In certain assembly occupancies,
where the number and type of furnishings may change according to the nature of the
function taking place, it may be appropriate to calculate maximum occupant loads for
each of the different functions anticipated.
It should also be noted that Article 2.1.3.1. of this Code requires fire alarm systems to be installed in conformance with the British Columbia Building
Code. This means that if the occupant load determined by Sentence 2.7.1.3.(1) exceeds that for which a fire alarm system is required by the British Columbia Building Code, a fire alarm system must be provided in the
building.
Sentence 3.1.17.1.(2) of Division B in the
British Columbia Building Code requires that the occupant load used in the design
of
a floor area be posted if it differs from that determined by Table 3.1.16.1. of Division B of the British Columbia Building Code.
Subsections 3.2.7. and 3.4.5.. of Division B in the British Columbia Building Code describe
the requirements for the placement of exit signs and for emergency and non-emergency
lighting requirements.
Adequately trained supervisory
staff can be of great value in directing people to move in an orderly
fashion in the event of a fire and in carrying out appropriate fire
control measures until the public fire department arrives. These measures
are, as described in the fire safety plan, developed in cooperation
with the fire department. The supervisory staff referred to in this
Section are assigned their responsibilities by the building owner,
unless the public fire department is prepared to take on these responsibilities.
Except in hospitals and nursing homes, it is not intended that supervisory
staff should be in the building on a continuous basis, but that they
should be available to fulfill their obligations as described in the
fire safety plan on notification of a fire emergency. In hospitals
and nursing homes, however, staff must be in the building at all times
to assist occupants who are not capable of caring for themselves in
an emergency.
The fire safety plan may provide
important information to the fire department for use in the preparation
of plans for firefighting procedures in specific buildings. This is
especially true for buildings where flammable or combustible liquids
or other dangerous goods are stored.
The development of the fire safety plan for large retail occupancies,
especially the bulk merchandising stores, should take into consideration
various unique risk factors prevalent in these stores. A bulk merchandising
store is characterized as a retail store in which the sales area includes
the storage of material usually located in piles, on pallets or on
racks up to 3.7 metres in storage height. These mercantile occupancies
tend to store and display in the sales area, large quantities of products
ranging from compressed gas cylinders, oxidizers, flammable liquids,
combustible liquids, foamed plastics, and combustible materials.
Documented evidence of fires in these types of stores has shown
that smoke obscuration occurs within 7.5 to 12 min from the inception
of a fire. Prompt response by occupants in a fire emergency is therefore
critical. Human behaviour studies have shown that occupants in a retail
environment tend to delay evacuation for various reasons such as unfamiliarity
with exits or a lack of visibility of exits, reluctance to leave check-out
lines, and uncertainty about the events unfolding.
The training and education of staff are crucial elements in
clearly notifying and instructing occupants during an emergency. A
reliable public address system should be an integral part of this
plan. The fire safety plan should be commensurate with the known risks
and address the concerns identified above.
These procedures should
also include training authorized personnel to silence fire alarm and
alert signals under specified conditions. If special keys or devices
are required to operate the alarm system, they should be readily available
to supervisory staff on duty.
Some occupants of a building
may require special assistance during evacuation because cognitive
or physical limitations make them unable to proceed independently
to a place of safety. Fire safety for these persons will depend to
a large extent on preplanning and on their awareness of the fire protection
measures incorporated into the building. In some buildings, it may
be appropriate to advise such occupants of these provisions by posted
notices, handouts or other suitable means. In certain residential
occupancies, such as hotels or motels, staff should be aware of rooms
occupied by persons requiring special assistance during evacuation
and should inform the responding fire department.
A fire safety plan is of little
value if it is not reviewed periodically so that all supervisory staff
remain familiar with their responsibilities. A fire drill, then, is
at least a review of the fire safety plan by supervisory staff. The
extent to which non-supervisory staff participate in a fire drill
should be worked out in cooperation with the fire department. The
decision as to whether all occupants should leave the building during
a fire drill should be based on the nature of the occupancy.
It may be necessary to hold additional fire drills outside normal
working hours for the benefit of employees on afternoon or night shifts,
who should be as familiar with fire drill procedures as those who
work during the day. If full scale fire drills are not possible during
non-regular working hours, arrangements should be made so that night-shift
supervisory staff can participate in fire drills conducted during
the daytime.
The type of fire alarm and emergency communication system anticipated for tents
and air-supported structures will vary according to the hazard and the number of
occupants. If a tent or air-supported structure is to be permanent, a fire alarm and
emergency communication system, as defined in the British Columbia Building Code,
may be required. If such structures are to be temporary, however, a somewhat less
sophisticated system is anticipated, depending on local conditions.
Part 3 applies to the short- or long-term storage of products, whether raw or
waste materials, goods in process, or finished goods.
This Part does not deal with products or materials that are directly supplied to
appliances, equipment or apparatus through piping, hose, ducts, etc. For example,
the gas cylinders that are mounted on propane barbecues are not covered by Part 3:
they are considered to be “in use” as opposed to “in storage” and are not intended
to be regulated by the storage requirements stated in the BCFC.
Part 3 deals mainly with the storage
of cylinders of Class 2 gases. It is expected that gas installations
that are not covered in the Code will conform to good engineering
practice, such as that described in NFPA 55, “Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks.”
For purposes of this exemption,
a distributor is deemed to be a commercial enterprise regularly handling
or storing more than 1 500 kg of Class 2 gases for purposes
of resale. Such distributors are expected to follow the same good
engineering practices as their suppliers. The document CGA P-1, “Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers,” represents good engineering practice for the handling of Class 2 gases.
The International Maritime Organization,
the International Civil Aviation Organization, the United Nations
and Transport Canada are examples of regulatory authorities that may
establish standards for the design and construction of packages and
containers for dangerous goods.
Methods of preventing valve
damage include the use of valve caps, storage in crates (for small
cylinders) and the provision of steel rings or protective handles.
Certain high pressure cylinders are required by other legislation
to be equipped with valve caps.
Reactive substances may include
various classes of unstable or reactive dangerous goods, such as Class
4 flammable solids, Class 5 oxidizing substances or unstable Class
2 gases.
When containers of highly reactive oxidizers become damaged
or are exposed to excessive heat, moisture or contamination (e.g.
sawdust, petroleum products, or other chemicals), a very violent fire
or explosion can result. In some cases, depending on the quantity
and nature of the oxidizing agent, normal firefighting measures (e.g.
sprinklers, fire hose and extinguishers) are ineffective due to the
self-yielding of oxygen by the oxidizing agent.
In general, it is unsafe to store highly reactive oxidizers
close to liquids with low flash points, combustible products or chemically
incompatible products. Quantities of oxidizers should therefore be
limited and the storage area should be constructed of noncombustible
materials, should be kept cool and ventilated, and should not impede
egress.
The following classes of oxidizing substances are noted for
their ability to supply oxygen (this list is not meant to be all inclusive):
organic and inorganic peroxides; pool chemicals (e.g. calcium hypochlorite
and sodium dichloroisocyanurate); oxides; permanganates; perrhenates;
chlorates; perchlorates; persulfates; organic and inorganic nitrates;
bromates; iodates; periodates; perselenates; chromates, dichromates;
ozone; perborates.
Section 3.2. applies to all parts of buildings, including warehousing or storage areas,
manufacturing areas, shipping and receiving areas, and sales areas.
It does not apply to the storage of unpackaged grain or coal. Additional
requirements in Part 5 of this Code address the dust hazard associated with bulk grain or coal storage.
NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems,” gives an extensive description with numerous examples of commodities for classification purposes and should be consulted. The following
is a brief overview of the NFPA 13 classification of commodities:
A Class I commodity is defined as essentially noncombustible
products in ordinary corrugated cartons or in ordinary paper wrappings,
with or without combustible pallets.
A Class II commodity is defined as Class I products in slatted
wooden crates, solid wooden boxes, multiple thickness paperboard cartons
or equivalent combustible packaging material, with or without combustible
pallets.
A Class III commodity is defined as wood, paper, natural fibre,
cloth, or Group C plastics, with or without combustible pallets. Products
may contain a limited amount of Group A or B plastics.
A Class IV commodity is defined as Class I, II, or III products
in corrugated cartons, containing an appreciable amount of Group A
plastics or with Group A plastics packaging, with or without combustible
pallets. Group B plastics and free-flowing Group A plastics are also
included in this class.
Group A plastics include, but are not limited to, ABS, acrylic,
butyl rubber, fiberglass reinforced polyester, natural rubber (if
expanded), nitrile rubber, polycarbonate, polyester elastomer, polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, highly plasticized PVC,
and SBR.
Group B plastics include, but are not limited to, cellulosics,
fluoroplastics, natural rubber (not expanded), nylon, and silicone
rubber.
Group C plastics include, but are not limited to, fluoroplastics,
melamine, phenolic resins, rigid PVC, and urea formaldehyde.
The purpose of this Article is to provide adequate access to the interior of the
storage area for firefighting and overhaul operations. Means of egress must also be
provided in accordance with Section 2.7. of the BCFC. The use of dead-end aisles in storage areas should be minimized because of the potential hazard they
create with respect to egress. Access aisles required in Sentence (2) include aisles to fire department access panels, or to fire protection equipment such as sprinkler control valves, fire hose stations,
portable extinguishers and manual stations.
Sentences (4) to (8) prescribe requirements for main access aisles in the storage area. More than one main access aisle may be
required depending on the storage configuration and alternate arrangements to a
single main access aisle are permitted in Sentence (7). These requirements are in addition to the general requirement for 2.4 m
aisles separating individual storage areas. The width of subsidiary aisles within
individual storage areas is determined by material handling needs.
Fire department access to a storage area can be by means of doors or access panels
on exterior walls, or through doors from another fire compartment in the building,
provided that fire compartment in turn has adequate fire department access. The
access points should be as remote from each other as possible. Where practicable,
the preferred arrangement is for main aisles to terminate at exterior doors on
opposite sides of the building.
Where stored products are liable to expand with the absorption of water, there
exists a significant danger of collapse of the products into the aisles. It does not
matter whether the products are in racks or not, nor whether the water comes from
hose streams or sprinklers. Examples of such products include certain paper products
and baled rags. Numerous firefighters have been killed through being crushed by
falling products, or through being trapped after their escape routes have become
blocked by fallen products. Special consideration should be given in these cases to
rack design, aisle widths and layout to prevent such hazards or to minimize their
effect.
In unsprinklered buildings, a
clear space is required above the storage to permit hose streams to
be directed onto the top of storage.
Clearance between stored products and heating equipment must also be maintained in
conformance with Section 2.6. of the British Columbia Fire Code, which references Part 6 of Division B of the
British Columbia Fire Code for installation requirements for heating systems. All
stored combustible materials should be kept away from hot elements of heating
equipment.
NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems,” gives sprinkler system design criteria for areas where combustible pallets are stored, based on the height, area and type of pallets.
For self-contained, multi-tiered
structural rack or shelf systems, the storage height should be determined
as the height from the lowest floor level to the top of storage on
the uppermost tier.
NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems,” does not provide sufficient information on the design of sprinkler systems in buildings used for the storage of closed containers of
distilled beverage alcohol.
The volume of tires in a storage
area can be determined by measuring to the nearest 0.1 m the length, width and height of the piles or racks intended to contain
the tires. In racks, the top shelf is assumed to be loaded to maximum
possible height, while observing required clearances between structural
elements and sprinklers.
Aerosol products that are displayed
in mercantile occupancies represent a lower hazard and do not require
specific storage limits or additional fire protection provided they
have been removed from their combustible cartons or cartons have been
display-cut so that only the bottom and the lowest 50 mm of the side panels is retained. The storage of packaged aerosols
in mercantile occupancies shall nevertheless conform to this Subsection.
This Code has adopted the aerosol classification system developed by the National
Fire Protection Association in NFPA 30B, “Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products.”
Examples of Level 1 aerosol products include shaving cream, spray starch, window
cleaners, alkaline oven cleaners, rug shampoos, some air fresheners and some
insecticides. These aerosols are less hazardous than Level 2 or Level 3 aerosols,
and represent a storage hazard comparable to Class III commodities.
Examples of Level 2 water-miscible flammable base aerosol products include most
personal care products such as deodorants (except for oil-based antiperspirants),
and hair sprays. They may also include antiseptics and anesthetics, some furniture
polishes and windshield de-icers. Level 2 aerosols are less hazardous than Level 3
aerosols.
Examples of Level 3 aerosol products include some automotive products such as
engine and carburetor cleaners, undercoats and lubricants; some wood polishes,
paints and lacquers; some insecticides; and oil based antiperspirants.
In Canada, some aerosol products are required by HC SOR/88-66, “Controlled Products Regulations,” HC SOR/2001-269, “Consumer Chemicals and Containers Regulations,” and certain other legislation to bear flammability hazard symbols. The nature of the
symbol on the can is determined on the basis of a flame projection test, which
measures the susceptibility of the aerosol spray to ignite; this is most important
for protecting consumers who, for example, might be smoking while using an aerosol
product. A direct comparison between the flammability hazard symbols used in
Canadian regulations and the NFPA Level 1, 2 or 3 classification system used in the
BCFC is not reliable as the latter measures the overall contribution of flammable
base product, combined with flammable gas propellant, to the rate of growth and
severity of a fire involving a substantial number of aerosols.
Part 4 of the NFC specifies ventilation rates to prevent the buildup of dangerous
concentrations of flammable vapours in rooms used for storing flammable
and combustible liquids. The same principles should apply to dangerous
goods capable of releasing toxic gases, or where the accidental mixing
of incompatible substances could generate flammable vapours or toxic
gases. Where no guidance is given, the design of the ventilation system
should conform to good engineering practice. Recommendations in the
NFPA standards or in ACGIH 26th Edition, “Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Design,” are considered examples of good engineering practice.
Where combinations of incompatible
dangerous goods are marked with an X in Table 3.2.7.6., they shall be stored in separate fire compartments. The fire-resistance rating of the fire separations shall be determined by applicable requirements
of the Code. For example, when oxidizing or reactive substances are
involved, Sentences 3.2.7.5.(6) and (7) would require a 2 h rating. For flammable and combustible liquids, Subsections 4.2.7. and 4.2.9. may be used and would require a 1 h or 2 h rating depending on the quantities involved.
For compressed gases, Subsection 3.2.8. may be used
and would require a 1 h or 2 h rating depending
on the type of gases. For aerosols, Subsection 3.2.5. could be used following the same reasoning.
It is assumed that Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDS) will in many cases be provided as part of the documentation
for TC SOR/2008-34, “Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDGR),” or the Hazardous Products Act, Part II, “Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS).”
The following are examples of basic principles that should apply
to any storage situation involving dangerous goods:
- Chemicals should not be stored using an alphabetical sequence system but should be grouped according to compatibility.
- Organic materials should not be stored with either strong acids or oxidizers.
- Alkalis should not be stored with strong acids or chlorinated hydrocarbons.
- Strong acids should not be stored with oxidizers.
- Sulphites, bisulphites and sulphides should not be stored with acids.
Poisonous chemicals should not be stored together on the basis
that they are poisons, but rather on the basis of compatibility. As
with the storage of all chemicals, the primary consideration is what
might happen in the event of a mishap causing them to be mixed. For
instance, the following are all classified as Class 6.1 poisonous
substances but will cause serious problems when mixed in the presence
of water (such as water used for firefighting purposes):
- sodium azide + dimethyl sulphate = explosion;
- sodium cyanide + anhydrous chloral = highly toxic vapour cloud.
Poisonous substances should not be stored in the vicinity of
chemicals that are designated as B.P., B.P.C., U.S.P., F.C.C. and
N.F. grades. Many of these chemicals find their way into cosmetics,
pharmaceutical drugs and foodstuffs. A spill of poisonous substance
would not only cause contamination of the product itself, but also
of the outside of the container and of the clean room in which they
are processed.
So many types, quantities, and concentrations of dangerous goods could be present
in a building that setting maximum quantities allowed in unprotected buildings is
very difficult. The hazard presented by the dangerous goods is not necessarily a
function of their inherent flammability, but rather a function of their potential
for hampering firefighting. If the area involved in dangerous goods storage is large
enough, the owner must provide some degree of built-in automatic fire suppression
for the building. Therefore, the point at which installation of an active fire
suppression system becomes mandatory is based on the total area involved in
dangerous goods storage, regardless of the product stored.
The active fire suppression system intended is a sprinkler system, installed
throughout the building, not just in the area of dangerous goods storage. The
objective is to control both a fire originating in a spot remote from the dangerous
goods, so that it never threatens the dangerous goods, and a fire involving the
dangerous goods themselves. Even if a fire originates in a dangerous good on which
water should not be applied (stored pesticides for example), sprinklers may provide
better control than alternative firefighting measures. A sprinkler system should
control the fire, limit its spread, and minimize the number of containers that fail.
The sprinkler alarm will notify responsible persons who can take corrective action
while the fire is small. The amount of water applied to the pesticide by the
sprinklers will be small in comparison to what will have to be applied by hose
streams once the fire is established.
Article 2.1.3.6. in the British Columbia Fire Code refers to the British Columbia Building Code, which sets the basic
criteria for sprinkler systems. These criteria may not be appropriate for specific
dangerous goods. For example, water may not be the best extinguishing agent to use
on a particular product. In such cases, special arrangements may be required, such
as isolating that product in an unsprinklered room protected by a fixed fire
suppression system conforming to Article 6.6.1.1.
It is assumed that the fire suppression system will be designed by persons
experienced in such design, using good engineering practice to establish design
criteria, such as type of suppressant to use, and rate of application.
Venting of smoke and other products
of combustion can be achieved by opening roof vents, breaking skylights,
removing panels or opening windows. Smoke and hot gases should be
vented directly to the outside.
Access to at least 2 sides of
a building used for the storage of dangerous goods is required so
that, if necessary, firefighting operations can be set up on the upwind
side of the building to minimize the adverse effects of toxic smoke.
Protective clothing worn by fire fighters in a fire involving dangerous goods is
bulkier than the usual fire fighting turnout gear. Therefore, Sentence 3.2.7.12.(3) requires access openings into buildings used for the storage of dangerous goods to be wider than otherwise required by the British
Columbia Building Code.
Firefighters need to identify
the substances they may encounter in a building during a fire. Labelling
of products to comply with the Hazardous Products Act, Part II, “Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS),” or other provincial, territorial or
federal regulations is deemed to satisfy this requirement.
One or more placards at the door
into a room used for the storage of dangerous goods are required to
inform firefighters that dangerous goods are contained within. In
larger storage areas containing a variety of dangerous goods in different
individual storage areas, each individual storage area should have
placards.
When a flammable mixture of
air and vapour/gas/dust is ignited and causes an explosion, the exothermic
reaction results in the rapid expansion of heated gases and the corresponding
pressure waves travel through the mixture at sonic or supersonic velocities.
The pressures developed by an explosion very rapidly reach levels
that most buildings and equipment cannot withstand unless specifically
designed to do so. Explosion venting consists of devices designed
to open at a predetermined pressure to relieve internal pressure build-up
inside a room or enclosure, hence limiting the structural and mechanical
damage.
The major parameters to be considered in designing an explosion
venting system for a building are:
- the physical and chemical properties of the flammable air mixture, such as the particle size or the droplet diameter, the moisture content, the minimum ignition temperature and explosive concentration, the burning velocity or explosibility classification, the maximum explosion pressure and the rate of pressure rise,
- the concentration and dispersion of the flammable mixture in the room,
- the turbulence and physical obstructions in the room,
- the size and shape of the room, the type of construction and its ability to withstand internal pressures, and
- the type, size and location of relief panels, which should also be designed to reduce the possibility of injury to people in the immediate vicinity of the panels.
The following Table gives the
specific volume (m3/kg) of some common gases at normal
temperature and pressure. This information is available from the manufacturer's
literature and can be used to convert gas weight (kg) into gas expanded
volume (m3), and vice versa. Cylinder data for industrial
gases can also be found in FM Global Data Sheet 7-50, “Compressed Gases in Cylinders.”
| Table A-3.2.8.2.(2) Specific Volume of Common Gases Forming part of Appendix Note A-3.2.8.2.(2) | |
| Gas |
Specific Volume, m3/kg |
| Acetylene | 0.9 |
| Ammonia, anhydrous | 1.4 |
| Arsine | 0.3 |
| Butane | 0.4 |
| Carbon dioxide | 0.5 |
| Chlorine | 0.3 |
| Ethylene oxide | 0.5 |
| Fluorine | 0.6 |
| Hydrogen | 12.0 |
| Methane | 1.5 |
| Methyl acetylene | 0.6 |
| Methyl chloride | 0.5 |
| Nitrogen | 0.9 |
| Oxygen | 0.8 |
| Phosphine | 0.7 |
| Propane | 0.5 |
| Propylene | 0.6 |
The chemical composition of ammonium
nitrate is [NH4NO3], which makes it an inorganic
nitrate. It comes in granular, prilled, flaked, crystalline or solid
forms. Ammonium nitrate is manufactured in two densities used for
different purposes and is treated with a wax or clay protective coating
to prevent moisture absorption, which causes caking of the product.
High-density ammonium nitrate is a fertilizer used in the agricultural
sector. Subsection 3.2.9. applies only to ammonium nitrate
mixtures designated as Class 5.1 oxidizing substances, which may be
composed of as little as 45% ammonium nitrate. Sentence 3.2.9.1.(1) increases the maximum exempt amount stated in Table 3.2.7.1. from 250 kg to 1 000 kg.
Low-density ammonium nitrate, when sensitized, is a blasting
explosive used in the mining and construction sectors. When a carbonaceous
or organic substance, such as fuel or diesel oil, nut hulls, or carbon
black, is added and admixed with ammonium nitrate, the mixture may
become a blasting explosive. This Code does not apply to ammonium-nitrate-based
blasting explosives.
Blasting explosives are classified as Class 1 explosives; their
storage is regulated under NRCan R.S., 1985, c. E-17, “Explosives Act and its Regulations.”
The minimum spatial separation stated in Subsection
3.2.3. of Division B of the British Columbia Building Code may be the authority
having jurisdiction with respect to the nearness of assembly, institutional,
residential and mercantile occupancies regarding the proximity of these exposures
and congested commercial or industrial areas with due consideration to the exposure
of toxic vapours from fires involving ammonium nitrate.
It is recommended that electric
or LP-gas-powered industrial trucks be used rather than gasoline-
or diesel-fuelled ones so as to reduce the potential for contamination
of the ammonium nitrate.
Dry chemical extinguishers are
not permitted to be used to fight fires involving ammonium nitrate,
but may be used to extinguish fires involving industrial trucks, conveyors,
etc.
Hogged material can be described
as mill waste consisting mainly of hogged bark but may include a mixture
of bark, chips, dust, or other by-products from trees. This also includes
material designated as hogged fuel.
Factory-assembled combustible
structures, such as mobile or modular homes and office trailers, that
are transportable in one or more sections, are designated as manufactured
buildings in this Section.
An intermodal shipping container
can be described as a standard sized reusable structure into which
commodities are packed and designed to be used in more than one mode
of transportation.
Treated forest products are
those that have been coated or impregnated with flammable or combustible
liquids. Ranked piles are typically piles of logs evenly arranged
by conveyor, crane or other means.
The width and location of gates
in a fire department access route should take into account the connection
with public thoroughfares, width of the roadway, radius of curves,
and the type and size of fire department vehicles available in the
municipality or area where the storage site is located. Padlocks that
can be forced and replaced are preferred by fire departments for easy
access to the storage site.
Where the adjoining property is
land that may be built upon or used for storage, it is intended that
the required clearance be maintained between the stored products and
the property line. If the adjoining property does not present a fire
exposure hazard, such as a street, right of way, watercourse, or park
land, the required clearance could be beyond the property line. In
all cases, care should be taken that the storage close to the property
line does not defeat the purpose of other safety measures prescribed
in this Code.
The all-inclusive phrase “buildings, structures and open areas” includes, but is
not limited to, tank farms, bulk plants, fuel-dispensing stations, industrial
plants, refineries, process plants, distilleries, and to piers, wharves and airports
that are not subject to overriding federal control.
Part 4 of the BCFC applies wherever flammable or combustible liquids are used or
stored, except as specifically exempted in Sentences 4.1.1.1.(2) and (3).
Part 4 contains both general and occupancy-specific provisions. While general
provisions apply to all occupancies or operations identified within the scope of
Subsection 4.1.1., occupancy-specific provisions
apply only to the specific occupancy or operation stated.
To determine the provisions that apply to a given situation, the first step is to
confirm which Section or Subsection corresponds to the operation or occupancy: this
will help identify the occupancy-specific provisions that apply. The next step is
to
ensure that all general requirements that apply to the operation or occupancy are
also identified.
Certain areas in refineries, chemical
plants and distilleries will not meet all Code requirements because
of extraordinary conditions. Design should be based on good engineering
practice and on such factors as manual fire suppression equipment,
daily inspections, automated transfer systems, location of processing
units, and special containment systems, piping, controls and materials
used. NFPA 30, “Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,” and NFPA 36, “Solvent Extraction Plants,” are examples of good engineering practice and can be referred to by the designer and the authority having jurisdiction.
Ancillary equipment covered in CSA B139, “Installation Code for Oil-Burning Equipment,” includes storage tanks and piping that supply oil-burning equipment, diesel-engine-driven
emergency generators and fire pumps. Part 4 of the BCFC does not apply to such tanks and piping systems.
and fire pumps. Part 4 of the BCFC does not apply to such tanks and piping systems.
The classification system for flammable liquids used by TC SOR/2008-34, “Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDGR),” differs from the NFPA classification system used in the BCFC. In the BCFC, only
liquids with a flash point below 37.8°C are referred to as “flammable
liquids,” whereas liquids having a flash point at or above 37.8°C are
“combustible liquids.” In contrast, the TDGR, which regulate “flammable liquids” as
Class 3 dangerous goods, define “flammable liquids” as liquids having a flash point
below 60.5°C. Therefore, the TDGR term “flammable liquids” includes
Class II liquids (with a maximum flash point of 60°C), which are
referred to as “combustible liquids” in the BCFC terminology. The TDGR do not include
Class IIIA liquids, which have a flash point above 60°C.
For the purpose of comparing the TDGR classification system with the BCFC system,
the difference between 60.5°C (TDGR) and 60°C (BCFC) may be
ignored. The results of closed-cup flash point tests may vary by as much as
1°C, so nothing is gained by unnecessary precision.
The NFPA classification system for flammable and combustible liquids includes
Class IIIB liquids, which have flash points at or above 93.3°C. These
liquids are not regulated by Part 4 of the BCFC because they are deemed to represent no greater fire hazard than other combustibles, such as wood or paper
products. However, Article 4.1.2.2. clarifies that such liquids are effectively Class I liquids when heated to their flash point temperature.
Used automotive lubricating oil may
contain both oil and more volatile Class I liquids, such as gasoline.
Tests of representative samples have demonstrated that the flash point
of such used oil consistently exceeds 60°C, with an average
above 93.3°C. When Class I or II liquids are added to
such used oil, the flash point of the resulting mixture will vary
with the percentage and flammability of the contaminating liquid and
shall be determined by tests.
The kinematic viscosity of a liquid
influences the choice of test most appropriate for measuring its flash
point. In the ASTM standards, kinematic viscosity is measured in stokes (St) or centistokes (cSt).
kinematic viscosity is measured in stokes (St) or centistokes (cSt). For purposes of comparison, the kinematic viscosity of water
is 1.0038 cSt at 20°C; of glycerine (100%),
approximately 648 cSt at 20°C; and of some
common motor oils, near 1 295 cSt at –18°C. Some paints, lacquers and glues have much higher kinematic viscosities,
as indicated by the upper limit of 150 St in ASTM D 3278, “Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus.”
A substance should be treated as a liquid if it has a fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration asphalt, when
tested in accordance with ASTM D 5, “Penetration of Bituminous Materials.” A viscous substance for which a specific melting point cannot be determined but that is designated as a liquid in accordance
with ASTM D 4359, “Determining Whether a Material Is a Liquid or a Solid,” should also be considered as a liquid.Additional information on determining
the extent of Division 1 or 2 zones in Class I locations can be found
in CSA PLUS 2203, “Hazardous Locations: A Guide for the Design, Testing, Construction, and Installation of Equipment in Explosive Atmospheres,” in NFPA 30, “Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,” and in NFPA 497, “Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas.”
Sources of ignition include, but
are not limited to, open flames, smoking, cutting and welding, hot
surfaces, frictional heat, static, electrical and mechanical sparks,
spontaneous ignition, heat-producing chemical reactions, and radiant
heat.
Limited quantities of Class I liquids
are permitted to be stored or used in basements where it is clear
they will not create a fire hazard. Such factors as the size of the
basement, ventilation, wiring, and proximity to sources of ignition
should be taken into account in determining whether an unsafe condition
exists.
A spill containment system is intended to capture the maximum credible spill of a
flammable or combustible liquid. This can be achieved by safely containing the
liquid or having it drain to a safe location. Water used for firefighting need not
be taken into consideration when determining the capacity of the primary spill
containment or drainage system required by Sentence 4.1.6.1.(1).
Once a fire is associated with a spill, water from hose streams, suppression
systems, etc. used for firefighting becomes a concern. The quantity of water
involved is highly variable as it will depend on the fire conditions and the
duration of the fire. As a result, the fire safety plan must address spill
management associated with the application of water during firefighting
operations.
Estimating credible spill capacity
The capacity of a credible spill must be based on the maximum quantity that can be
released from containers located in the storage area.
- Where the storage—inside and/or outside—is in drums or small containers (not large vessels, Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC), tote bins or tanks), the capacity of a credible spill should be at least 1 000 L. This will accommodate a spill in the event that lift truck forks spear a single pallet load containing four drums or drop the load. Where drums are not handled on pallets and hand trucks or clamp-type lift trucks are used, the capacity of credible spill may be reduced, but not to less than the capacity of the largest container used.
- For storage in IBC, tote bins or other bulk containers inside or outside buildings, and in tanks inside buildings, the credible spill capacity must be at least equal to the capacity of the largest container in the storage area.
- Outside storage tanks must comply with the provisions of Subsection 4.3.7.
Consideration for the fire safety plan
The fire safety plan must ensure that all critical areas, such as buildings, means
of egress, fire department access, control valves, fire alarm panels, etc., in the
path of a potential overflow remain accessible during the fire emergency and that
the flow of liquid is directed away from such areas. The plan must allow for
reliable and immediate notification of an emergency, such as by providing an
automatic notification system, which will facilitate early intervention by the fire
department. The plan must incorporate measures, including design features, that will
minimize the impact of effluent on adjoining property and the environment.
The owner of the building is responsible for developing the fire safety plan. The
owner may require assistance from the fire department, which can provide some of the
relevant information necessary to develop a workable plan. The owner is also
responsible for having the plan approved by the chief fire official and for ensuring
the approved plan is implemented. Periodic (e.g. annual) testing of the plan would
help identify any limitations of the plan and familiarize staff who have been
assigned duties in the plan. The fire safety plan must be modified when original
assumptions and conditions change.
Where small quantities are present
- Where only small quantities (up to 5 000 L) of flammable or combustible liquids are present, acceptable measures to control a spill of the liquids and the water used for firefighting include the provision of manhole or catch-basin covers, sorbent materials and portable dikes. Such measures can prevent contaminated effluents from entering sewers or flowing to other areas.
- For additional information on controlling a spill, reference should be made to NFPA 30, NFPA 15, FM Global Data Sheet 7-83, the SFPE 4th Edition, “Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering” and other industry-specific publications on the subject.
- Where a facility stores, handles or processes significant quantities (exceeding 5 000 L) of flammable or combustible liquids, a high level of expertise may be required to develop an appropriate fire safety plan. In such cases, the owner must ensure that professionals who have expertise in this area play a lead role in developing and implementing the fire safety plan.
- Where the application of a fire suppression medium, either manual or automatic, may result in significant adverse impact on the community and/or the environment, a controlled burn is an option to consider. Evaluating this option should involve key stakeholders such as the owner, fire department, provincial and/or federal department responsible for the environment, and insurers.
The British Columbia Plumbing Code defines a trap as a fitting or device
that is designed to hold a liquid seal that will prevent the passage of gas but will
not materially affect the flow of a liquid.
Information on the compatibility
and reactivity of liquids can be found in the Material Safety Data
Sheets for each liquid.
An absorbent material conforming to ULC/ORD-C410A, “Absorbents for Flammable and Combustible Liquids,” is acceptable.
Article 3.3.1.19. of Division B of the British Columbia
Building Code specifies that ventilation must be provided in
conformance with Part 6 of that Code if flammable vapour, gas, or dust could create
a fire or explosion hazard. However, Part 6 of Division B of
the British Columbia Building Code does not provide specific
information on the design of ventilation systems to prevent an accumulation of
dangerous concentrations of flammable vapours. It refers instead to “good
engineering practice” and directs the user to a number of NFPA standards for
examples of good practice, depending on the nature of the vapours or dusts. Subsection 4.1.7. of the British Columbia Fire Code represents a minimum
level of good practice for preventing an accumulation of explosive concentrations
of
vapours from flammable or combustible liquids.
In the phrase “rooms or enclosed spaces,” the word “rooms” is not meant to be
limited to small and confined areas of a building. It shall include large open areas
of a building as well as smaller rooms.
Natural ventilation is normally
adequate for the storage of flammable liquids and combustible liquids,
or the dispensing of Class II and IIIA liquids. Such ventilation should
consist of permanent openings at ceiling and floor levels leading
to the outside. At least 0.1 m2 each
of free inlet and outlet openings per 50 m2 of floor area should be provided. A mechanical ventilation rate
of at least 18 m3/h per square metre of
floor area, but not less than 250 m3/h, is normally adequate for rooms with low floor to ceiling height
or small enclosed spaces where Class I liquids are dispensed. Ventilation
for process areas must be designed to suit the nature of the hazard
in accordance with good engineering practice.
Build-up of static electric
charges near the surface of liquids being poured into non-conducting
containers can be controlled or eliminated by: limiting the filling
rate to velocities less than 1 m/s, using a grounded
lance or nozzle extension to the bottom of the container, limiting
free fall, or using antistatic additives.
It is generally considered
that liquids with a conductivity greater than 50 pS/m (pico Siemens
per metre) will dissipate static charges so that they will not accumulate
to a hazardous potential. Experience indicates that most water-miscible
liquids, crude oils, residual oils and asphalts do not accumulate
static charges.
Products tested and listed by
recognized agencies are considered to be designed in conformance with
good engineering practice. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., ULC and
FM Global are currently listing these products.
Flammable and combustible liquids
are classified as Class 3 dangerous goods in accordance with TC SOR/2008-34, “Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDGR).” Class 3 dangerous goods include liquids with flash points up to 60°C using the closed-cup test method, or 65.6°C using the open-cup test method. This means that Class IIIA liquids with a flash point above 60°C are not treated as dangerous goods. However, for the purposes of this Article, Class IIIA liquids should be treated as
Class 3 dangerous goods as described in Table 3.2.7.6.
60°C using the closed-cup test method, or 65.6°C using the open-cup test method. This means that Class IIIA liquids with a flash point above 60°C are not treated as dangerous goods. However, for the purposes of this Article, Class IIIA liquids should be treated as
Class 3 dangerous goods as described in Table 3.2.7.6.Article 4.2.5.4. addresses the potential hazard where flammable vapours are released during transfer
operations in an improperly ventilated area, and where sources of
ignition may not be adequately controlled.
Sentence 4.2.7.5.(2) sets no limit to the total quantity of flammable and combustible liquids in a separate or detached storage
building. Although total quantity limits of Tables 4.2.7.5.A and 4.2.7.5.B do not apply, the quantity and height limitations specified for the individual storage areas must be complied with
in order to take advantage of the exemption for total quantity limits. Requirements
pertaining to the spatial separation of buildings are found in Subsection 3.2.3. of Division B of the British Columbia
Building Code. The requirements in this Code for the storage of flammable and
combustible liquids must be read in conjunction with applicable provisions in the
British Columbia Building Code that impose restrictions on the design of a storage
building. For example, the size and height of a building, type of construction,
automatic fire suppression and street access are governed in part by Subsection 3.2.2. of Division B of the British Columbia
Building Code. Environmental protection regulations may contain additional
requirements that should be considered in the design of a storage building for
flammable and combustible liquids.
Options for fixed fire suppression
systems for protection of flammable or combustible liquid storage
areas include: automatic sprinkler, foam sprinkler, water spray, carbon
dioxide, dry chemical or halon systems. Examples of good engineering
practice for the design of sprinkler or foam water systems for flammable
and combustible liquid storage areas can be found in NFPA 30, “Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.”
Containers of flammable or combustible
liquids could be punctured or deformed if pushed up against a protrusion
from a wall. The required wall clearance is intended to prevent such
damage, and to permit visual inspection of the sides of the individual
storage area. The clearance need not be provided for narrow shelves
along a wall, where the backs of the shelves can be inspected from
the aisle.
Subsection 4.2.8. applies to those portions of an industrial occupancy where the
use, storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids is
only incidental, or secondary to the principal activity. The word
“incidental” does not imply “small quantity” or “insignificant amount.”
Manufacturers of electronic equipment, furniture and reinforced plastic
boats, and automobile assembly plants are typical examples of locations
where the use of flammable and combustible liquids is secondary to
the principal activity of manufacturing consumer products. In storage
areas otherwise governed by Part 3 of this Code, Subsection 4.2.8. applies to the “incidental” storage of flammable
and combustible liquids that is deemed to be secondary to the principal
activity of storing commodities covered in Part 3. This includes the storage of used lubricating oil in the warehouse portion (industrial occupancy) of a retail outlet. Subsection 4.2.8. also applies to the storage of used lubricating
oil at motor vehicle repair and service garages because such storage
is secondary to the principal activity of repairing and servicing
motor vehicles.
The fire separation required by
this Sentence should also prevent the passage of vapours.
Examples of devices to prevent
overfill include automatic sensing devices for interconnection with
shut-off equipment at the supply vehicle, automatic overfill shut-off
devices of a float valve or other mechanical type and overfill alarm
devices of the audible or visual type.
A tight-fill operation means that
a mechanical, liquid-tight connection is used at the fill point.
Storage tanks can also be refurbished
for underground use in conformance with ULC/ORD-C58.4, “Double Containment Fibre Reinforced Plastic Linings for Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage Tanks.” The process
outlined in this document is applicable in a limited number of cases
such as when the storage tank is in a location that is hard to reach.
Boil-over is an event in the burning
of certain oils in an open top tank when, after a long period of quiescent
burning, there is a sudden increase in fire intensity associated with
expulsion of burning oil from the tank. Boil-over occurs when the
residues from surface burning become more dense than the unburned
oil and sink below the surface to form a hot layer, which progresses
downward much faster than the regression of the liquid surface. When
this hot layer, called a “heat wave,” reaches water or water-in-oil
emulsion in the bottom of the tank, the water is first superheated
and subsequently boils almost explosively, overflowing the tank. Oils
subject to boil-over consist of both light ends and viscous residues.
These characteristics are present in most crude oils and can be produced
in synthetic mixtures.
Note: A boil-over is an entirely different phenomenon from a
slop-over or a froth-over. Slop-over involves a minor frothing that
occurs when water is sprayed onto the hot surface of a burning oil.
Froth-over is not associated with a fire but results when water is
present or enters a tank containing hot viscous oil. Upon mixing,
the sudden conversion of water to steam causes a portion of the tank
contents to overflow.
Guidelines for the protection of
storage tanks can also be found in standards published by the NFPA
and FM Global. Such guidelines are considered as good engineering
practice in assessing the protection necessary for tanks.
When the height of a secondary
containment wall exceeds 1.8 m, there is an increased
potential for heavier-than-air vapour to accumulate at ground level
within the contained area. Depending on the nature of such a vapour
accumulation, it may be explosive or sufficiently toxic to seriously
endanger personnel. Entry into such a contained area should always
be preceded by testing for such a vapour accumulation.
Vapours from Class I liquids may
reach unsafe concentrations when confined in the small space between
the tank and the secondary containment wall. Remotely operated valves
or elevated walkways eliminate the need for personnel to enter the
bottom of the contained area to operate a valve.
The purpose of anchoring or providing
overburden on top of underground storage tanks is to prevent them
from lifting out of the ground in the event of a rise in the water
table or a flood. Any proposed means of anchorage or overburden must
be sufficient to resist the uplift forces on tanks when they are empty
and completely submerged.
Means that have been successfully employed to protect tanks
against uplift are
- anchor straps to concrete supports beneath them,
- ground anchors, and
- reinforced concrete slabs or planks on top of them.
A fill pipe (i.e. remote fill
piping) is considered offset if it has a non-vertical component.
Special care must be taken during remote fill operations because
the fill pipe acts as a pressure line and a build-up of pressure in
the fill piping system could result in an unexpected release of liquid
if a check valve is provided in the fill piping system.
Table 4.3.13.4.B deals with storage tanks that are outside the scope of CSA B139, “Installation Code for Oil-Burning Equipment” (which limits the capacity of individual storage tanks to 2 500 L and their aggregate
capacity to 5 000 L) and harmonizes requirements for
all occupancies using oil-burning equipment, emergency generators
and fire pumps.
The area that should be considered
for ventilation is the space occupied by the tanks and extending to
a distance that is classified electrically as Class I, Zone 2, when
no ventilation is provided.
For the design of normal and
emergency venting of indoor storage tanks, Sentence 4.3.13.10.(1) refers to Subsection 4.3.4., which in turn refers
to API 2000, “Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks: Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated.” However, API 2000 is intended for outdoor tanks rather than indoor tanks. The venting rate reduction
factors for water spray on the tank surface, or drainage rates for
spilled liquids, should not be used to calculate the emergency venting
rate of a storage tank installed inside a building. The effects of
water spray cooling, and room drainage on the calculated emergency
venting rate must be worked out according to good engineering practice.
Increased emergency venting capacity may be required.
Good engineering practice for
the design of supports for suspended storage tanks should meet the
intent of Subsection 4.3.3. as much as possible. Such
factors as the provision of adequate fire resistance for supports,
the need to prevent over-stressing of the tank shell or its supports,
and resistance to earthquake forces in areas subject to such forces,
should be taken into consideration.
Small diameter hose stations
are not intended for fighting a flammable or combustible liquid fire.
Such fires should be fought using fog nozzles rather than solid water
streams, because solid streams may spread the liquid fuel and worsen
the situation. The small diameter hoses permitted in lieu of extinguishers
are intended to be used for prompt suppression of a small fire in
ordinary combustibles, and for prompt wash-down of spilled flammable
or combustible liquids, before any fire occurs.
The following documents are examples
of good engineering practice for the activities listed in Sentence 4.3.16.1.(1):
In the context of Sentence 4.4.1.2.(1) and Table 4.4.1.2.E, the annual inspection and testing of sumps involves gaining access to the sumps, inspecting
them at regular intervals throughout the year, assessing whether any
problems exist, and ensuring any problems are addressed. In general,
the annual inspection of sumps should ensure that:
- the lids to the sumps are tight and correctly sealed,
- the walls of the sumps are intact and are not slumping or warping,
- the sumps are free of debris, liquid and ice,
- the sumps are free of cracks and holes,
- the piping, fittings, and connections are not leaking or dripping liquid,
- no new stains have developed since the last inspection,
- the sensors are correctly positioned,
- all penetrations into the sumps are in good condition,
- the test boots (if provided) are in good condition, not cracked or torn, correctly positioned in the sumps, and open so liquid can drain by gravity back into the sump, and
- the piping and other equipment in the sumps are in good
condition.
Owners and operators of systems
can use a number of methodologies to meet or exceed the leak detection
requirements in Section 4.4. A list of leak detection
technologies is available from the National Work Group on Leak Detection
Evaluations (NWGLDE). The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has delegated authority to the NWGLDE to determine which test
methodologies meet the testing protocol of the EPA.
Inventory reconciliation leak
detection methods used for a storage tank should follow an established
procedure in order to minimize errors and reveal any trend that indicates
a loss of product from the tank. Several documents deal with inventory
reconciliation such as the booklet entitled EPA 510-B-93-004, “Doing Inventory Control Right for Underground Storage Tanks,” which also allows calculations for the inventory reconciliation procedure to be carried out using
an electronic methodology referred to as automatic tank gauging.
Vapour monitors sense and measure
product vapour in the soil around the tank and piping to determine
the presence of a leak. Groundwater monitoring devices sense the presence
of liquid product floating on the groundwater. Both methods require
the installation of carefully placed monitoring wells in the ground
near the tank and along the piping runs. Examples of good engineering
practice for the location and installation of monitoring wells can
be found in CCME PN 1326, “Environmental Code of Practice for Aboveground and Underground Storage Tank Systems Containing Petroleum Products and Allied Petroleum Products.” In either case, a professionally conducted site assessment is critical
for determining site-specific conditions such as groundwater level
and flow direction, background contamination, stored product type,
and soil type.
All equipment and devices used for automated or manually operated
vapour or groundwater monitoring systems that are tested in conformance
with EPA 530/UST-90/008, “Evaluating Leak Detection Methods: Vapor-Phase Out-of-Tank Product Detectors,” or EPA 530/UST-90/009, “Evaluating Leak Detection Methods: Liquid-Phase Out-of-Tank Product Detectors,” are deemed to meet the
intent of Sentence 4.4.2.1.(3).
The SIR leak detection method
uses sophisticated computer software to determine whether a storage
tank system is leaking. The software performs a statistical analysis
of inventory, delivery, and dispensing data collected over a period
of time and provided by the operator to a vendor. SIR can allow the
owner or operator to meet leak detection requirements using only the
equipment that most facilities have readily at hand (i.e. a tank stick
and a tank chart used for inventory control). As an example, the booklet EPA 510-B-95-009, “Introduction to Statistical Inventory Reconciliation For Underground Storage Tanks,” provides basic information
to determine if SIR is the appropriate leak detection method to be
used for a particular installation.
Additionally, to ensure that the collection of data for SIR
purposes meets the intent of the leak detection, the SIR method also
needs to be evaluated following a protocol such as the one defined
in EPA 530/UST-90/007, “Evaluating Leak Detection Methods: Statistical Inventory Reconciliation Methods (SIR).”
Automatic tank gauging systems
use monitors that are permanently installed in the tank. These monitors
are linked electronically to a nearby control device to provide information
on product level and temperature. The gauging system can automatically
calculate the changes in product volume, which can indicate a leaking
tank. For inventory control, the automatic tank gauging system replaces
the use of the gauge stick to measure product level. It records the
activities of an in-service tank, including deliveries.
All equipment used for automatic tank gauging systems that meets
the requirements of ULC/ORD-C58.12, “Leak Detection Devices (Volumetric Type) for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks,” is deemed to comply with this Sentence.
A continuous in-tank leak detection
system involves a combination of statistical inventory reconciliation
(SIR) techniques and good quality liquid level and temperature data,
which can be obtained from tank gauging systems or probes. It may
involve monitoring only a storage tank, but when the piping system
is part of the delivery system, it should include the entire system.
This system provides increased sensitivity and accuracy for
the following reasons:
- it incorporates the temperature characteristic and an increased frequency of readings into the data, and
- inventory reconciliation may be conducted after each dispensing operation.
The system is designed to meet the monitoring performance standard
of detecting a leak rate of 0.76 L/h with a 95% probability
of detection and a maximum false positive of 5%.
Low-tech secondary containment
monitoring involves a visual examination of the containment area,
including conventional open dyke areas or a contiguous interstitial
space. Some designs may use visual examination of the liquid gauges,
sumps and collection pits.
All equipment and devices used in conformance with ULC/ORD-C58.12, “Leak Detection Devices (Volumetric Type) for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks,” and ULC/ORD-C58.14, “Non-Volumetric Leak Detection Devices for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks,” are deemed to comply with
this Sentence.The presence or location
of leaks in aboveground tanks can be determined through various testing
methods, including ultrasonic, magnetic particle and video graphic
testing. The location of leaks in the bottom of a tank shell can also
be determined by vacuum testing. All testing should be conducted by
individuals or companies trained in the proper care and use of the
testing equipment. The choice of test methodology should be appropriate
for the application.
The performance requirements of ULC/ORD-C58.12, “Leak Detection Devices (Volumetric Type) for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks,” and ULC/ORD-C58.14, “Non-Volumetric Leak Detection Devices for Underground Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks,” are
deemed to meet the intent of Clause 4.4.2.1.(10)(a).The location of leaks in underground storage tanks
can be determined through non-volumetric testing, which includes acoustical,
tracer and external product detection methods. The location of leaks
in the bottom of a tank shell can also be determined by vacuum testing.
All testing should be conducted by individuals or companies trained
in the proper care and use of the testing equipment. The choice of
test methodology shall be appropriate for the application.
Locating the single check valve anywhere other than immediately under the pump
will require an alternative method of line leak detection for the piping
system.
In such cases, when the piping system is not operating, a positive pressure is created by trapping the flammable liquid or combustible liquid in the pipe. The
piping system should therefore be considered as a pressure piping system and the
applicable provisions of the British Columbia Fire Code should be applied.
Inventory reconciliation and liquid
level measurements can only be conducted on storage tanks that have
a metered pump, dispenser or some other type of measuring device that
can determine the amount of product withdrawn over a specific period
of time. Other leak detection methods must be used for piping systems
and storage tanks without meters or measuring devices.
Inventory reconciliation leak detection methods used for a storage
tank should follow an established procedure in order to minimize errors
and determine any trend that indicates a loss of product from the
tank.
The recording of pump meter readings, shipments, internal transfers,
product delivery receipts or measurements of the level of contents
of a storage tank shall not in and of itself constitute a record as
required by Article 4.4.4.1. In addition, suppliers of flammable and combustible liquids should provide their customers with
sufficient data to conduct proper inventory reconciliation. Inventories,
which have been adjusted for volume through temperature compensation,
must also be available to operators by volume according to meter measurements.
Inventory reconciliation is not to be confused with statistical
inventory reconciliation (SIR), which is a third-party computerized
analysis of tank operator inventory data.
Indications of a potential leak from inventory reconciliation
practice include:
- any unexplained loss or gain of 0.5 percent or more of the
throughput from an underground storage tank or a loss of 1.0 percent or more of the throughput from an aboveground storage tank noted for each stored product in a calendar month, as
indicated by the recording and reconciliation of inventory records,
- inventory reconciliations showing five consecutive days of unexplained product losses,
- inventory reconciliations showing 18 days of unexplained losses in one calendar month, or
- the level of water at the bottom of an underground storage tank exceeding 50 mm.
Mechanical connections include flanged,
bolted and threaded piping connections and compression fittings, but
not welded, glued and fused connections.
All penetrations into sumps, including
those for electrical cables, should be minimized and, where possible,
should be brought into the sump from the top.
It is good practice to space
hangers for pipe having a nominal diameter of 50 mm or
less not more than 3.5 m apart.
Sentence 4.5.9.2.(1) is not intended to apply to small-capacity pumps that operate at low
pressures, such as those normally associated with waste oil tanks.
Safety measures should nevertheless be taken to protect the pump from
mechanical and collision damage, and to control any spillage of liquid
resulting from pump damage or failure.
The following documents contain
examples of good engineering practice as regards the maintenance of
pressurized piping systems:
Section 4.6. applies only to the portion of a property where fuel-dispensing operations
are conducted. When a facility combines fuel-dispensing operations
with other types of business (motor vehicle repair garage, convenience
store, restaurant, etc.), Section 4.6. is intended to apply only to the fuel-dispensing operations and the adjacent business
shall conform to other Sections of this Code based on its occupancy
classification (assembly occupancy for a restaurant, mercantile occupancy
for a convenience store, industrial occupancy for a repair garage,
etc.).
The authorized holder of a card
or key, having received adequate training in the safe and responsible
operation of the equipment, is not considered a member of the “general
public.” Such is not the case for coin-operated or preset dispensers,
which can be operated by anyone.
When gasoline vapour is allowed
to enter into a diesel-fuelled engine through the air intake, there
is a potential for the diesel engine to run away. In a runaway condition,
a diesel engine would accelerate in an uncontrolled manner even if
the ignition were switched off, resulting in damage to the engine
and potentially causing a fire.
Examples of signs to indicate that smoking is not permitted and that the engine
ignition must be turned off while the vehicle is being refuelled:
Figure A-4.6.8.8.(2)
Fuel-dispensing station signs
When used in this Subsection, the terms
“loading” and “unloading” shall mean the loading and unloading of
tank vehicles or tank cars.
Loading racks using bottom loading
often load at high flow rates. The thermal expansion capacity at the
top of the compartment is often insufficient to prevent an overfill
if the requested volume does not fit the compartment (operator error
or retain in the compartment). Overfill sensors must be designed to
allow adequate time for the control valves to close before the compartment
overfills. Retain sensors and/or a well-established operator training
program could achieve the same result.
The standard API RP 2003, “Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents,” is an example of good engineering practice
for the activities described in Article 4.7.4.5.
TC SOR/2007-86, “Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and for Dangerous Chemicals,” may apply to flexible cargo hoses described
in this Code. The following documents are considered good engineering
practice for this application:
Examples of such equipment are
dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate and frame filters, open
vacuum filters and surfaces of open equipment.
Beer, wine, and spirits that
contain less than 20% by volume alcohol are not considered to be flammable
liquids and are not regulated by this Section. Section 4.10. does not apply to wineries where distilled beverage alcohol is used to fortify wine.
Exposed steel supports do not have
a 2 h fire-resistance rating, and need protection as
much as timber supports for tanks. Due to the water miscibility of
beverage alcohols, automatic sprinklers provide an effective means
of achieving the necessary protection, provided there is sufficient
space under the tank to permit their installation.
The use of “good engineering practice” in the design of normal and emergency
venting is intended to prevent an accumulation of flammable vapours inside the
building that may present an explosion hazard. For new tank installations, this can
be achieved by directing breather vents and emergency vents, equipped with flame
arrestors or pressure/vacuum valves, to the outside of the building. However, on
existing tank installations, installation of such vents may be impractical. Venting
into the interior space may not constitute an undue hazard where certain measures
are taken to ensure an adequate degree of fire safety. Such measures include, but
are not limited to:
- the installation of automatic sprinklers throughout the tank room and under any raised tanks greater than 1.2 m in diameter;
- classification of electrical equipment and wiring according to the zone classifications of the British Columbia Safety Standards Act and pursuant regulations;
- provision of adequate natural or mechanical ventilation meeting the objectives of Article 4.10.6.1.; and
- training of personnel in safe operating procedures.
Piping and pumping systems should
be designed to recognized engineering standards and accepted industry
practice.
In addition to the general requirements of the British Columbia Safety Standards
Act and pursuant regulations special attention must be given to Sections 18, 20 and
22. Section 18 specifies wiring requirements for Class I, II and III hazardous
locations. Section 20 provides specific requirements for areas where flammable or
combustible liquids are stored or dispensed. Section 22 specifies wiring
requirements for areas where corrosive liquids or vapours or excessive moisture are
present.
The following documents are examples of good engineering practice as regards
safety measures for the activities described in Clause 5.2.3.4.(1)(b):
- API RP 2009, “Safe Welding, Cutting and Hot Work Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries,”
- API 2015, “Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks,”
- API RP 2201, “Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries,” and
- API RP 2207, “Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work.”
NFPA standards on dust explosions include:
- NFPA 61-2008, “Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities”,
- NFPA 91-2004, “Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids”,
- NFPA 120-2004, “Fire Prevention and Control in Coal Mines”,
- NFPA 484-2009, “Combustible Metals”,
- NFPA 654-2006, “Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids”,
- NFPA 655-2007, “Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions”,
- NFPA 664-2007, “Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities”.
A conveyor belt having a surface
resistivity of less than 300 megaohms is considered to
provide protection against electrostatic charge accumulation in a
grain handling facility.
The provisions in this Section
apply only to laboratory operations involving the use of dangerous
goods, including flammable or combustible liquids. They shall not
apply to the incidental use of such substances or to their use for
maintenance or cleaning purposes only, in which case, requirements
in other sections of the Code would apply.
The intent of Sentence 5.5.5.1.(1) is to limit the quantities of dangerous goods that are
- stored outside of storage areas and cabinets referred to in Sentences (2) and (3), and
- kept in the laboratory on a permanent or semi-permanent basis, e.g. dangerous goods that are normally kept out overnight because they are frequently needed.
The intent is not to limit the quantities that are actually “in use”
during normal operations, it being understood that experiments or processes may
necessitate that greater quantities be brought into the laboratory for the duration
of these operations.
Also, the phrase “kept in a laboratory” does not include dangerous
goods that supply and are directly connected to appliances, equipment or apparatus
as these dangerous goods are considered to be “in use” rather than
“in storage.”
Unstable substances are capable of
a rapid release of energy by themselves. They are susceptible to reactions
when exposed to air, water, pressure, heat, shock, vibration, light
or sound waves. These reactions include vigorous polymerization or
self-accelerating decomposition.
These substances must be stored, handled, used and processed
in a location and manner that will prevent an undesired reaction.
Material Safety Data Sheets provide guidance based on the properties
of the unstable substance.
Perchloric acid is the most commonly used unstable substance
in laboratories. Examples of other unstable substances are hydrazine,
peracetic acid, picric acid and sodium hydride. Article 5.5.5.5. has been written specifically for perchloric acid and is not intended to be applied to other unstable substances unless they have properties
similar to perchloric acid.
Water can only be used if the
unstable substance is compatible. (Perchloric acid is an example of
a substance that is compatible with water.) Material Safety Data Sheets
indicate whether an unstable substance is compatible with water and
provide guidance on the properties and other incompatibilities of
the unstable substance.
The degree of application should be determined in advance in conjunction with the
authority having jurisdiction. In construction, alteration or demolition operations
that do not pose an exposure hazard to other buildings or to occupants, the degree
of application of Section 5.6. may be minimal.
The degree of application of Section 5.6. to each operation should be determined in advance, as part of the fire safety plan for the operation, taking
into consideration such issues as the size of the operation, exposure of adjacent
buildings or facilities to hazards, and the site conditions. Operations can range
from large multi-storey buildings to small single-storey residences and may include
additions or alterations to existing buildings.
Methods and materials used to
protect adjacent buildings and facilities can range from active to
passive systems such as spatial separation, installing water curtains,
using construction methods and materials that include gypsum sheathing,
or erecting a temporary fire barrier such as a fire tarpaulin.
The control of fire hazards
in and around buildings being constructed, renovated or demolished
includes fire protection for combustible construction materials and
combustible refuse on the site. The sizes of piles of materials and
refuse and the location of such piles in relation to adjacent buildings
are factors that should be taken into consideration in determining
which fire protection measures to implement. The selection of fire
protection measures for demolition operations will also depend on
the demolition procedure being used, the specific conditions existing
on the site and the firefighting capabilities of the responding fire
department.
It is the intent of this Code that requirements regarding the
outdoor storage of materials stated in Section 3.3. be referred to and applied at construction and demolition sites.
Not all aspects of Subsection 3.2.5. of Division B of the British Columbia Building Code are applicable to unoccupied areas of buildings,
parts of buildings,
facilities and associated areas undergoing construction, alteration or demolition
operations.When the temperature causes freezing conditions, the standpipe should be drained
to prevent damage to the equipment. It is not expected that hoses and nozzles be made available in the building undergoing construction, alteration or demolition operations, as they will be brought to the relevant floor by the responding fire department.
and nozzles be made available in the building undergoing construction, alteration or demolition operations, as they will be brought to the relevant floor by the responding fire department.
Minimum clearances shown on certified heating equipment or as described in Part 6
of Division B of the British Columbia Building Code should be provided between
combustible materials and temporary heating equipment, including flues such as
exhaust discharges from internal combustion engines.
A safe area for the location of
terminated building services, such as gas and fuel lines, electrical
lines, and water and steam piping, is in an area away from the building
or part thereof that is safe enough so as not to cause damage to the
building or part thereof in the event of their accidental breakage.
In some cases, terminated services can be located directly outside
the building or part thereof if adequate protection is provided, and
in others, they can be located at the property line and/or service
connection.
Guidance on methods of rendering
inert tanks, piping and machinery reservoirs is available in NFPA 326, “Safeguarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair.”
Both the British Columbia Building Code and the British Columbia Fire Code assume
that all fire protection features of a building, whether required by Code or
voluntarily installed, will be designed in conformance with good fire protection
engineering practice and will meet the appropriate installation requirements in
relevant standards. Such good design is necessary to ensure that the level of public
safety established by the Code requirements is not reduced by a voluntary
installation. Thus, a voluntarily installed system should be maintained in operating
condition, at least to the extent that it was originally intended to function, in
conformance with the applicable installation standards.
Notification of planned or emergency
interruption or curtailment of service of fire protection installations
is preferably given in advance when possible. The parties to be notified
who could be affected may include, but are not necessarily limited
to, the fire department, supervisory staff in the building and the
occupants of the building.
Interruption of normal operation
of a fire protection system for any purpose constitutes a “temporary
shutdown.” Types of interruptions include, but are not limited to,
periodic inspection or testing, maintenance, and repairs. During a
shutdown, alternative measures are necessary to ensure that the level
of safety intended by the Code is maintained.
In the shutdown of a fire alarm system, alternative measures
should be worked out in cooperation with the fire department to ensure
that all persons in the building can be promptly informed, and the
fire department notified, should a fire occur while the alarm system
is out of service.
When a sprinkler system is shut down, measures that can be taken
include the provision of: emergency hose lines and portable extinguishers,
extra fire watch service and, where practicable, temporary water connections
to the sprinkler system.
The referenced document provides
for regular testing and review of the central station facilities and
of the connections to the premises containing the fire alarm system.
The Code does not mandate a particular series of events from initiation
of the fire alarm signal circuits in the building to notification
of the fire department. In some cases, the signals to the central
station are automatically forwarded to the fire department, whereas
in others, the central station initiates the notification of the fire
department.
Sentence 6.3.1.4.(2) is intended to ensure that a voice communication system that is not tested
as part of an associated fire alarm system, but that will be relied
upon during a fire emergency, will be tested periodically.
Water-based fire protection systems
include sprinkler systems, standpipes, private hydrants, hose systems,
water spray fixed systems, foam-water sprinkler systems, foam-water
spray systems, and fire pumps.
CSA Z32, “Electrical Safety and Essential Electrical Systems in Health Care Facilities,” contains requirements over and above those relating specifically to the inspection, testing and maintenance of emergency equipment:
compliance with these other requirements is not intended by the reference
in Sentence 6.5.1.1.(2). The standard defines three classes of health care facilities—Class A, Class B, and Class C—but applies
only to Class A and Class C facilities. Class B facilities, which
accommodate people who, as a result of physical or mental disabilities,
are unable to function independently and need daily care by health
care professionals, are covered by CAN/CSA-C282, “Emergency Electrical Power Supply for Buildings.”
This can be achieved by replenishment
as the result of the routine test program required by Article 6.5.1.1.
It is not intended that all equipment
be tested on each test occasion. A representative number of devices
may be tested on each occasion provided all equipment is tested within
the time period agreed to in the fire safety plan.
The testing required in Section 7.3. is not intended to be a complete assessment of the design of the smoke control system, but only a test of the individual
pieces of equipment specified.